STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE – use to be to the way sentences are constructed using different words, example NOUN which is refer to name of people animals and other things being in use to complete a sentence or when refer to conversations about someone, basically for ICAO English Proficiency Test, there are words common in use in this stage include a captain, first officer or pilot and co pilot when passing information in a conversation, There are different type of nouns but for the sake of learning for this test it is simple to cover all of them, because in aviation there are no different names to use apart from the ones mentioned, it happen sometimes but we use to mention involved people as passengers,


Then PRONOUNS follow as one among words in use to make a structure for any sentence in English, these are in use instead of a noun after it has been mentioned for the first time, include words such as “he” “she” that use to substitute a noun, in other way it make sense when making use of sentences with these words instead of mention a name, this can be for a captain or a first officer, or any pilot in command inside an airplane for any type of conversation going on about that a particular person, after mention a name the following sentences use to be pronouns based on gender, which is a good way of handling conversations relating to airplane crash or incidents,


The other words are VERBS which are basically actions taken in a sentence, and can be either positive or negative, sometimes use to relate to past present and future with changes to learn more about them in tenses, verbs are useful to show what actions of a noun, simple examples of verbs are ran, swim, jump, move, fly etc use to be action verbs, use to create a meaningful sentence that make a better understanding of reporting anything that is going on, in most case of aviation verbs are included in reports of emergency situations or any danger situation relating to weather or malfunctioning of airplane in flight or ground with an exactly action to be taken following that incident,


There is ADVERBS that use to modify verbs by an additional of “ly” at the end of actions to be taken, include a simple sentence such as “pilot writes quickly ATC clearance” a word quick is a verb but here it has been added with “ly” to become quickly and in this case it has change into an adverbs, there is no question for ICAO English Proficiency Test asking about what adverb is or uses of these adverbs, it is important to know how to use these kind of words in conversations especially in answering some of questions, that use to be an advantage of having a good way of pronouncing words in English and a better structure in each of sentences explaining about something,


Then ADJECTIVES are a kind of words that make a structure of a sentence with an aim of modified a noun or pronoun, adjectives are all words that use to show a situation of a person or a certain feeling or condition that is in use to complete a sentence, example “a first officer is intelligent” “a captain feel happy” “ATC seems unhappy” “cabin crew looks fantastic” all of these words which are bold use to indicate adjectives, they are a lot and use to happen in different sentences or conversations, useful when creating a personal report to practice for ICAO English Test knowing how to modify actions or things that has already done or happen as a result of a certain problem,


There is PREPOSITIONS which are words in use before a pronoun and always indicate some of relationships that exist in between, and in order to speak English that is clear it is important not to mistaken any of these prepositions, simple examples to show how it is likely to confuse some situations are “on briefing pilots took a seat on chairs” and not in chairs “we shall meet in the airport terminal building” and not at airport because we are talking about a building inside it a preposition to use is in, additional examples that use to show uses of these prepositions are “an airplane lands for emergency on water surface” and not in water surface, at the same time if it is Ocean things change because of size we use in and become “a new pilot crash an airplane somewhere in the ocean”


There is also CONJUCTIONS which use to join some of phrases or words in English make connections in between sentences showing a proper way of behaving in a certain way, it is simple to make use of conjunctions because are words such as although, even if, before, after, even though, if, in order that, once, which use to make a meaningful sentence also helps any student pilot to obtain good result when doing any part of test of English when knowing how to use any of these words in creating a sentence when answering some of questions, practice always makes a better result it is important to know where and how to use these words relating to Conjunctions,


It is an advice to use simple sentence when having no skills of using complex sentences, usually they do not involve vocabularies or difficult words of English instead simple words that enable anyone to have a conversation with anyone else who know this language, important to be correct in tenses and avoid some of mistakes that may show a student still lack some understandings, It is possible to get a score for ICAO English Proficiency Level 4 and then later to upgrade into a level five and six after start a job, it takes time to know everything for those who find English a second language, but among things to understand in conversations are the topics being in use in questions,


Then for anyone who has been using English language from secondary or for many years in academic studies, include those who are native speakers may use some of complex words of English include vocabulary and terms that use to relate to aviation topics, without getting out of a question asked, it is simple to get ICAO English Proficiency Level 6 when being competent in fluency, structure, vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar because there is a way an examiner keep on marking a student pilot capabilities of handling conversations accurately, based on questions or aviation related topics as it is always suggested to be taken seriously when preparing to have a good understands,


The conclusion about structure format of any kind of English sentence must have a meaning that come automatically based on a particular moment of finding means to create a successful and reasonable meanings, it is not hard to find sentence or creating a personal conversations in English recording in a smart phone and spend few minutes a day finding more ways to advance English into a better standard, at any level of pilot certification from a private to commercial having ICAO English Proficiency Level 4 use to be enough enable any pilot to apply and get a license or even being acceptable when start searching for a place to get started with that first pilot job,

English sentence structure, also known as syntax, follows specific rules that help convey meaning clearly. Here’s a breakdown of the main elements and rules of English structure, from basic sentence types to more complex constructions.

1. Basic Sentence Structure (SVO)

  • The most common structure in English is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO).
  • Subject: The doer of the action (often a noun or pronoun).
  • Verb: The action or state.
  • Object: The receiver of the action (only in transitive verbs).
  • Example: “She (subject) reads (verb) books (object).”

2. Parts of Speech

  • Nouns: Represent people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., “teacher,” “city,” “happiness”).
  • Pronouns: Replace nouns (e.g., “he,” “she,” “it”).
  • Verbs: Express actions or states (e.g., “run,” “is”).
  • Adjectives: Describe nouns (e.g., “big,” “beautiful”).
  • Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., “quickly,” “very”).
  • Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., “in,” “on,” “under”).
  • Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., “and,” “but,” “because”).
  • Interjections: Express emotions (e.g., “Wow!,” “Oh!”).

3. Types of Sentences

  • Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (a subject and a verb).
    • Example: “The cat sleeps.”
  • Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses, joined by a conjunction or a semicolon.
    • Example: “The cat sleeps, and the dog barks.”
  • Complex Sentence: Contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
    • Example: “The cat sleeps when the house is quiet.”
  • Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
    • Example: “The cat sleeps, and the dog barks when the house is quiet.”

4. Word Order

  • Subject + Verb + Object (SVO): Most English sentences follow this order.
    • Example: “He (subject) eats (verb) an apple (object).”
  • Adjectives before Nouns: Descriptive words come before the noun they modify.
    • Example: “A beautiful day.”
  • Adverbs Placement: Adverbs of frequency (e.g., “always,” “often”) generally come before the main verb but after “to be” verbs.
    • Example: “She always reads.” / “She is always reading.”

5. Questions Structure

  • Yes/No Questions: Start with an auxiliary verb (is, are, do, does, have, has).
    • Example: “Are you ready?” / “Do you like coffee?”
  • WH-Questions: Begin with a question word (who, what, where, when, why, how).
    • Example: “What are you doing?” / “Where do you live?”
  • Inverted Structure: The verb comes before the subject in questions.
    • Example: “Can you help?”

6. Negatives

  • In English, negatives are formed by adding “not” after auxiliary verbs or using negative words (e.g., “no,” “never”).
  • Examples:
    • “She does not like coffee.”
    • “I have never been there.”

7. Tenses and Aspect

  • English uses tenses to show time (present, past, future).
  • Simple Tense: Describes a general or repeated action.
    • Example: “I walk to school.”
  • Continuous (Progressive) Tense: Describes ongoing actions.
    • Example: “I am walking to school.”
  • Perfect Tense: Describes actions completed by a certain time.
    • Example: “I have walked to school.”
  • Perfect Continuous Tense: Describes actions that were ongoing and then completed.
    • Example: “I have been walking to school.”

8. Clauses

  • Independent Clauses: Can stand alone as a complete sentence.
    • Example: “I went to the store.”
  • Dependent Clauses: Cannot stand alone and need an independent clause.
    • Example: “When I went to the store, I bought milk.”
  • Relative Clauses: Begin with relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) and describe nouns.
    • Example: “The woman who called you is my sister.”

9. Punctuation Rules

  • Period (.): Ends a statement.
  • Question Mark (?): Ends a question.
  • Exclamation Point (!): Shows strong emotion.
  • Comma (,): Separates items in a list, clauses, or introductory elements.
  • Apostrophe (’): Shows possession or contractions.
  • Quotation Marks (“ ”): Enclose direct speech or quotations.

10. Modifiers

  • Place modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, descriptive phrases) as close as possible to the word they modify to avoid confusion.
  • Example: “The boy, excited by the game, ran home.”

11. Parallel Structure

  • When listing items or joining ideas, keep them in the same grammatical form (parallelism).
  • Example: “She likes swimming, hiking, and biking.”

12. Active vs. Passive Voice

  • Active Voice: The subject performs the action (preferred for clarity).
    • Example: “The chef cooked the meal.”
  • Passive Voice: The subject receives the action (used when the focus is on the action rather than who performed it).
    • Example: “The meal was cooked by the chef.”

Mastering English sentence structure will help you communicate ideas more clearly and confidently. Practice identifying and using these structures, and with time, you’ll feel more comfortable with English syntax!